Ocorrências de Diarréia de bezerro e os Fatores de Risco Associados na Costa do Marfim (2015-2017)

Diarrhea is the most important disease of neonatal calves, and it results in the greatest economic losses. A longitudinal observational study was conducted from September 2015 to October 2017. This study proposes to investigate the incidence of diarrhea in calves and their mortality rate so as to identify potential risk factors related to the occurrence of calf diarrhea on 372 farms in the regions of Abidjan, Bouake, Bondoukou, and Korhogo in Ivory Coast. Information on potential risk factors was collected based on personal observations from regular visits to the farms and from a survey conducted during the period of the study. A total of 2020 calves under the age of three months were selected. Only 347 (17.17%) of the 2020 calves showed signs of diarrhea. The overall mortality rate was 0.39%. Based on the survey, colostrum feeding, the calf’s age and sex, calf housing, seasonal variation, the calving period, environment conditions, the ignorance of herdsmen, and management systems were found to be the major risk factors for gastroenteritis in calves. Calves reared in an extensive system were less susceptible to neonatal diarrhea. The calf health and management issues found in this study can be resolved by creating awareness among farm owners and implementing better calf management practices and cattle vaccination programs.O presente estudo tenta investigar a incidência de diarréia na taxa de mortalidade de bezerros, determinando potenciais fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de diarréia em 372 fazendas das regiões de Abidjan, Bouake, Bondoukou e Korhogo na Costa do Marfim. As informações sobre os possíveis fatores de risco foram coletadas por observação pessoal durante a visita regular às fazendas e a partir de questionário realizado durante o período do estudo. Foram selecionados um total de 2020 bezerros com até três meses de idade. Dos 2020 bezerros pesquisados, apenas 347 (17,17%) apresentaram sinais de diarréia. A taxa de mortalidade geral foi de 0,39%. Com base na pesquisa do questionário, a alimentação com colostro, idade e sexo do bezerro, alojamento do bezerro, estações, período de parto, ambiente, ignorância dos pequenos proprietários e sistema de gestão também foram os principais fatores de risco considerados significativos para promover a gastroenterite do bezerro. Os bezerros criados em um sistema extenso eram menos suscetíveis à diarréia neonatal. Os problemas de saúde e manejo de bezerros encontrados neste estudo podem ser resolvidos com a conscientização dos proprietários das fazendas e a implementação de práticas aprimoradas de manejo de bezerros e vacinação de vacas

DETECTION OF NON-INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE-YEAR-OLD IN COTE D’IVOIRE (JANUARY – DECEMBER 2013)

Background: Influenza sentinel surveillance in Cote d’Ivoire showed that 70% of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) cases remained without etiology. This work aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and virological pattern of ARI that tested negative for influenza virus, in children under five years old. Materials and Methods: one thousand and fifty nine samples of patients presenting influenza Like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (SARI) symptoms were tested for other respiratory viruses using multiplex RTPCR assays targeting 10 respiratory viruses. Results: The following pathogens were detected as follows, hRV 31,92% (98/307), hRSV 24.4% (75/329), PIV 20.5% (63/307), HCoV 229E 12,05% (37/307), hMPV 6.2% (19/307), HCoVOC43 1.0% (3/307) and EnV 1.0% (3/307). Among the 1,059 specimens analyzed, 917 (86.6%) were ILI samples and 142 (23.4%) were SARI samples. The proportion of children infected with at least one virus was 29.8% (273/917) in ILI cases and 23.9% (34/142) in SARI cases. The most prevalent viruses, responsible for ILI cases were hRV with 35.89% (98/273) and hRSV in SARI cases with 41.2% (14/34) of cases. Among the 1,059 patients, only 22 (2.1%) children presented risk factors related to the severity of influenza virus infection. Conclusion: This study showed that respiratory viruses play an important role in the etiology of ARI in children. For a better understanding of the epidemiology of ARI and improved case management, it would be interesting in this context to expand the surveillance of influenza to other respiratory viruses

Study of the toxicity of ethanolic extract of Schrankia leptocarpa D.C in the treatment of dental caries in Côte d’Ivoire

Schrankia leptocarpa (S. leptocarpa) is a plant found in the Mimosaceae family. It is used in the treatment of dental caries in Côte d’Ivoire. Because of the direct contact of the decoction with the cells of the mouth and the risk of swallowing it, we have been interested in the study of the toxicity of S. leptocarpa. The aim of our study was to assess the risks linked to the toxicity of plant during the traditional treatments. To achieve this goal, cytotoxicity and acute oral toxicity tests of the ethanolic extract of S. leptocarpa (P) were carried out at different concentrations on Vero E6 cells from the black monkey kidneys of West Africa and on Swiss mice. This study showed a cytotoxic effect of extract P on Vero E6 cells for all the concentrations ranged from 10 to 2.5 μg/mL from the second day. This extract has been found to be no-toxic with an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. At the end of this study, it was shown that S. leptocarpa could be used in the treatment of dental caries without any fear of toxicity

Origin of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Rural Côte d’Ivoire

Simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) strains occasionally infect humans. However, the frequency of such infections is unknown. We show that direct transmission of STLV-1 from nonhuman primates to humans may be responsible for a substantial proportion of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infections in rural Côte d’Ivoire, where primate hunting is common

Persistance des entérovirus dans les eaux usées à Yopougon, Côte d'Ivoire

Plusieurs facteurs environnementaux contribuent au maintien de l’infectivité des entérovirus hors de l’organisme dans divers milieux hydriques pendant parfois de longues périodes. Cette étude effectuée in situ avait pour but : (i) d’isoler les entérovirus des eaux usées urbaines et lagunaires sur quatre lignées cellulaires, (ii) de suivre la distribution et la persistance de ces virus sous l’influence des facteurs environnementaux abiotiques. Les échantillons d'eaux usées ont été collectés à neuf points de prélèvement le long d'un canal dont l'écoulement débouche sur une lagune tropicale à Yopougon. Les entérovirus ont été concentrés par l’utilisation de DextranT40 et du Polyéthylène glycol 6000 selon des recommandations de l'OMS. Les mesures du pH, de la température, de la conductivité et de la salinité ont été effectuées sur site. La détermination des sulfates (SO42-) a été réalisée conformément à la HACH METHOD 8051.Parmi les échantillons d'eaux usées brutes (n = 45) et lagunaire (n = 21), 68,9 % et 52,4 % respectivement se sont révélés positifs à l'isolement viral. La présence des entérovirus a été confirmée par RT-PCR dans 57,8 % et 42,8 % des échantillons d'eaux usées brutes et lagunaires. Nous avons observé pour des pluviométries de 0,4 mm et de 252,9 mm que des échantillons étaient positifs respectivement dans 44,4 % et 60,9 % des cas. Par ailleurs, les entérovirus infectieux ont été détectés en milieu lagunaire pour une gamme de températures oscillant de 26 oC à 30 oC. Ces valeurs se situent au-dessus du seuil de 22 oC où leur survie serait affectée dans les estuaires.Cette étude semble démontrer que la valeur maximale du pH (pH Max = 9,57) et de la salinité (salinité Max = 10,7) couplée à d'autres facteurs environnementaux ne favoriserait pas la persistance des entérovirus.Les interactions entre ces eaux et les populations le long du canal et en aval exposent celles-ci à des risques sanitaires multiples.Several environmental factors contribute to maintain infectivity of enteroviruses out of body in various hydrological media, sometimes for long periods. This in situ study aimed (i) to isolate these viruses from wastewater and a lagoon, in four cell lines, and (ii) to follow the distribution and persistence of these viruses under the influence of abiotic environmental factors. The wastewater samples were collected at nine sampling points along the channel, which flows into a tropical lagoon in Yopougon. Enteroviruses were concentrated by using Dextran T40 and polyethylen glycol 6000, according to WHO recommendations. Measurements of pH, temperature, conductivity and salinity were carried out on site. The determination of sulphates (SO42-) was performed by HACH method 8051. Among the samples of raw wastewater (n = 45) and lagoon water (n = 21), 68.9% and 52.4%, respectively, were positive for viral isolation. The presence of enteroviruses was confirmed by RT-PCR in 57.8% and 42.8% of samples of raw wastewater and lagoon water. We observed that for rainfall of 0.4 mm and 252.9 mm, the number of positive samples collected was respectively 44.4% and 60.9%. Moreover, infectious enteroviruses were detected in the lagoon environment for temperatures ranging from 26oC to 30oC, above the threshold of 22oC where survival would be affected in estuaries. This study seems to demonstrate that the maximum value of pH (pH Max = 9.57) and salinity (salinity Max = 10.7) coupled with other environmental factors do not allow the persistence of enteroviruses

Diversity of Parvovirus 4–like Viruses in Humans, Chimpanzees, and Monkeys in Hunter–Prey Relationships

During 2010–2011, we investigated interspecies transmission of partetraviruses between predators (humans and chimpanzees) and their prey (colobus monkeys) in Côte d’Ivoire. Despite widespread infection in all species investigated, no interspecies transmission could be detected by PCR and genome analysis. All sequences identified formed species- or subspecies (chimpanzee)-specific clusters, which supports a co-evolution hypothesis

Global distribution of novel rhinovirus genotype.

Global surveillance for a novel rhinovirus genotype indicated its association with community outbreaks and pediatric respiratory disease in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Molecular dating indicates that these viruses have been circulating for at least 250 years